Parameters | Healthy controls (n = 190) | Overweight diabetes (n = 126) | Obese diabetes (n = 123) | Z/χ2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 44.24 ± 16.84 | 50.38 ± 14.47 | 47.71 ± 16.28 | 1.50 | 0.227 |
Male/Female | 115/75 | 72/54 | 90/30*# | 6.68 | 0.036 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 84.24 ± 14.71 | 97.79 ± 15.90* | 100.07 ± 14.88* | 12.41 | <0.001 |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.89 ± 0.34 | 1.13 ± 0.33* | 1.18 ± 0.26* | 8.19 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.44 ± 4.50 | 27.07 ± 4.23* | 28.30 ± 4.51* | 18.64 | <0.001 |
FPG (mmol/l) | 7.33 ± 2.67 | 11.21 ± 3.69* | 11.53 ± 3.69* | 18.42 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.83 ± 3.16 | 11.29 ± 3.77* | 10.18 ± 3.40* | 10.32 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 113.61 ± 13.65 | 137.10 ± 22.73* | 137.76 ± 20.03* | 19.78 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.94 ± 9.57 | 86.64 ± 10.72* | 86.76 ± 9.00* | 15.67 | <0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.70 ± 1.58 | 5.48 ± 4.81* | 5.18 ± 4.52* | 5.77 | 0.004 |
TC (mmol/L) | 3.80 ± 1.75 | 5.81 ± 2.38* | 6.04 ± 2.22* | 12.88 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.31 ± 0.66 | 0.85 ± 0.34* | 0.93 ± 0.39* | 10.48 | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.36 ± 0.88 | 3.08 ± 0.98* | 2.99 ± 0.90* | 6.99 | <0.001 |
FINS (μIU/mL) | 12.45 ± 6.95 | 24.80 ± 19.79* | 23.89 ± 12.23* | 9.19 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 4.66 ± 3.67 | 11.93 ± 9.45* | 11.36 ± 7.27* | 11.85 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IS | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.013 (0.01, 0.02) * | 0.012 (0.00, 0.02) | 10.39 | 0.006 |