Table 1 Characteristics of genetic studies conducted in Africa

Tayo et al. [29]

Case-control

Nigeria

Yoruba tribe

87/79

42.1 ± 16.9 (case)

35.2 ± 8.2 (control)

53/51

Serum creatinine (> 1.4 mg/dl, men; > 1.2 mg/dl, women) Spot urine (ACR > 30 mg/g)

Hypertension-associated (50.5%)

HIV-associated (9.2%)

Proteinuric (40.2%)

Ulasi et al. [30]

Case-control

Nigeria

Igbo tribe

44/43

46.6 ± 17.8 (case)

42.7 ± 10.9 (control)

57/63

Serum creatinine (≥170 μmol/l or proteinuria ≥2+)

HIV-associated (18.2%)

NS (81.8%)

Matsha et al. [28]

Cross-sectional

South Africa

Mixed-race

By MDRD

68/648

By CKD-EPI

67/649

53.6 ± 14.9 (total)

22.1 (total)

eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73m² based on MDRD and CKD-EPI equations)

NS

Matsha et al. [27]

Cross-sectional

South Africa

Mixed-race

By MDRD

79/780

By CKD-EPI

73/786

53.1 ± 14.1 (total)

22.7 (total)

eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73m² based on MDRD and CKD-EPI equations)

NS

Lahrach et al. [21]

Case-control

Morocco

NS

109/97

44.9 ± 14.4 (case)

46.8 ± 11.8 (control)

NS

ESRD undergoing haemodialysis

NS

Hanna et al. [19]

Case-control

Egypt

NS

50/44

37.9 ± 14.3 (case)

NS (control)

64/NS

ESRD undergoing haemodialysis

Diabetic nephropathy (26%)

Hypertensive nephrosclerosis (22%)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (8%)

Polycystic kidney disease (10%)

Idiopathic (34%)

Kerkeni et al. [20]

Case-control

Tunisia

NS

100/120

51.0 ± 15.0 (case)

54.0 ± 10.0 (control)

55/73

Serum creatinine (thresholds NS; groups included MRF, SRF and ESRD)

Non-diabetes CKD with the following aetiologies: Chronic glomerular nephritis (41%)

Chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy (30%)

Vascular nephropathy (23%)

Idiopathic (6%)

Elshamaa et al. [18]

Case-control

Egypt

NS

78/30

9.14 ± 7.59 (CT); 10.62 ± 3.49 (MHD) (case)

8.7 ± 4.51 (control)

51/67

eGFR (according to K/DOQ1 guidelines):

Undergoing CT GFR (range, 15–29 ml/min/1.73m²) Undergoing MHD GFR (range, 5–15 ml/min/1.73m²)

Advanced CKD with the following aetiology:

Renal hypoplasia/dysplasia (20.5%)

Obstructive uropathies (17.9%)

Neurogenic bladder (7.7%)

Metabolic (2.6%)

Hereditary nephropathies (21.8%)

Glomerulopathy (2.6%)

Idiopathic (26.9%)

Radwan et al. [22]

Case-control

Egypt

NS

98/102

47.8 ± 14.2 (total)

50/56

ESRD undergoing hemodialysis

Hypertension-associated (44.9%)

Diabetes-associated (11.2%)

Preeclampsia (4%)

Drug-induced (3%)

Glomerulonephritis (6.1%)

Obstructive uropathy (5.1%)

Atrophic kidney (3%)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (5.1%)

Polycystic kidney (2%)

Combined polycystic kidney and hypertension (1%)

Combined DM and hypertension (6.1%)

Amyloidosis and hypertension (1%)

Idiopathic (7.1%)

Rezk et al. [23]

Case-control

Egypt

NS

178 (83 NT; 95 HT)/ 178

47.4 ± 9.3 (case)

NS (control)

NS

eGFR (according to K/DOQ1 guidelines)

Hypertension-associated (53.4%)

NS (46.6%)

Abdallah et al. [26]

Case-control

Egypt

NS

139/50

NS

48.2/NS

ESRD undergoing hemodialysis

NS

Elshamaa et al. [25]

Case-control

Egypt

NS

78/70

9.14 ± 7.59 (CT); 10.62 ± 3.49 (MHT) (case)

10.7 ± 4.51 (control)

51/57

eGFR (according to K/DOQ1 guidelines):

Undergoing CT GFR (range, 15–29 ml/min/1.73m²) Undergoing MHD GFR (range, 5–15 ml/min/1.73m²)

Advanced CKD with the following aetiology:

Renal hypoplasia/dysplasia (20.5%)

Obstructive uropathies (17.9%)

Neurogenic bladder (7.7%)

Metabolic (2.6%)

Hereditary nephropathies (21.8%)

Glomerulopathy (2.6%)

Idiopathic (26.9%)

Elhelbawy et al. [24]

Case-control

Egypt

NS

70/30

60.2 ± 9.4 (case)

58.9 ± 10.7 (control)

61.4/63.3

ESRD undergoing hemodialysis

NS