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Table 2 Association between lifestyle and dietary habits and ESCC risk

From: Independent and combined effects of environmental factors and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Fujian Province of China

Variables

Cases

Controls

P a

Adjusted OR

No

%

No

%

(95% CI) b

Smoking1

    

0.042

 

No

130

45.61

281

49.30

 

Reference

Yes

155

54.39

289

50.70

0.194

2.02 (1.10 ~ 3.71)

Pack-years of smoking1

      

Non-smoker

130

45.61

281

49.30

 

Reference

<30

56

19.65

124

21.75

0.814

1.54 (0.80 ~ 2.94)

>30

99

34.74

165

28.95

0.034

1.97 (1.05 ~ 3.68)

Alcohol drinking2

    

0.013

 

No

220

77.19

451

79.12

 

Reference

Yes

65

22.81

119

20.88

 

1.09 (0.70 ~ 1.57)

Tea drinking3

    

2.99 × 10-9

 

No

156

54.74

277

48.60

  

Yes

129

45.26

293

51.40

 

0.63 (0.45 ~ 0.91)

Hot beverage/food intake4

    

5.74 × 10-5

 

No

111

38.95

359

62.98

 

Reference

Yes

174

61.05

211

37.02

 

2.95 (2.06~4.22)

Pickled vegetables5

      

No

135

47.37

355

62.28

5.47 × 10-5

Reference

Yes

150

52.63

215

37.72

 

1.87 (1.38~2.55)

Fresh vegetables and fruits (g/day)6

    

0.341

 

<400

277

97.19

507

88.95

 

Reference

≥400

8

2.81

63

11.05

 

0.20 (0.10 ~ 0.44)

Meat (g/day)7

    

0.016

 

<200

267

93.68

507

88.95

 

Reference

≥200

18

6.32

18

3.16

 

0.75 (0.42 ~ 1.35)

Family history of ESCC8

    

0.025

 

No

241

84.56

523

91.75

 

Reference

Yes

44

15.44

47

8.25

 

1.77 (1.11 ~ 2.80)

History of reflux esophagitis9

   

0.026

  

No

274

96.14

562

98.60

 

Reference

Yes

11

3.86

8

1.40

 

2.96 (1.14 ~ 7.67)

  1. aP value based on the Wald test.
  2. bOdds ratio (OR) was determined using logistic regression and age, sex, education, income, marital status, tea drinking, alcohol drinking, smoking, pickled vegetables, fresh vegetables and fruits, meat, family history of ESCC, history of reflux esophagitis and hot beverage/food intake were included in the multivariate models.