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EDAR mutation in autosomal dominant hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in two Swedish families
- Lisbet K Lind1,
- Christina Stecksén-Blicks2,
- Kristina Lejon1 and
- Marcus Schmitt-Egenolf3Email author
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2350-7-80
© Lind et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006
Received: 24 October 2006
Accepted: 24 November 2006
Published: 24 November 2006
Abstract
Background
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a genetic disorder characterized by defective development of teeth, hair, nails and eccrine sweat glands. Both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms of HED have previously been linked to mutations in the ectodysplasin 1 anhidrotic receptor (EDAR) protein that plays an important role during embryogenesis.
Methods
The coding DNA sequence of the EDAR gene was analyzed in two large Swedish three-generational families with autosomal dominant HED.
Results
A non-sense C to T mutation in exon 12 was identified in both families. This disease-specific mutation changes an arginine amino acid in position 358 of the EDAR protein into a stop codon (p.Arg358X), thereby truncating the protein. In addition to the causative mutation two polymorphisms, not associated with the HED disorder, were also found in the EDAR gene.
Conclusion
The finding of the p.Arg358X mutation in the Swedish families is the first corroboration of a previously described observation in an American family. Thus, our study strengthens the role of this particular mutation in the aetiology of autosomal dominant HED and confirms the importance of EDAR for the development of HED.
Keywords
Background
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a congenital disorder characterized by abnormal morphogenesis of structures of ectodermal origin that may result in varying degrees of ectodermal defects such as hypodontia or anodontia, hypotrichiosis or alopecia, hypohidrosis or anhidrosis as well as nail abnormalities [1]. Conical teeth are a telltale sign in the HED patients, however other symptoms may vary between different individuals, even within the same family. The reduced or absent ability to regulate body temperature by sweating may lead to life-threatening hyperthermia, especially in very young children with an undiagnosed disorder.
The most prevalent form of HED is inherited as an X-linked condition [2] but autosomal dominant [3] and autosomal recessive [4] forms of the disorder are also found, albeit at a much lower frequency. According to the literature the most distinguishing feature for the HED variants appears to be the respective inheritance pattern [5].
HED may result from defects in any of three interacting proteins; ectodysplasin, EDAR or EDARADD. Ectodysplasin [6] is a soluble ligand protein that interacts with the transmembrane receptor EDAR, ectodysplasin 1 anhidrotic receptor [7–10] that is a death domain containing member of the tumor-necrosis factor receptor family. The intracellular part of EDAR subsequently binds to the adapter protein EDARADD (EDAR-associated death domain [11]) that links the receptor to downstream NF-κB signaling pathways [12].
Mutations in the gene coding for ectodysplasin, EDA situated on chromosome Xq12-q13.1, were the first to be found linked to HED [13]. The two most common splice isoforms of EDA (EDA-A1 and EDA-A2) bind the two distinct receptors EDAR and XEDAR respectively. They display different functions, where EDA-A1 appears to be essential for several skin appendages, and EDA-A2 probably is responsible for developmental timing and completion [14]. Later, both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive variants of HED were found to be caused by different mutations in the EDAR gene on chromosome 2q11-q13 [15]. Autosomal recessive HED was also found to result from a mutation in the EDARADD gene on chromosome 1q42.2-q43 [16]. Interestingly, HED caused by mutations in either EDA or EDAR has been detected in several other species, including cattle [17], dogs [18] and mice [9, 19, 20]. Here we report the identification of a non-sense mutation in the EDAR gene in two large Swedish families with autosomal dominant (AD) HED.
Methods
Family material
Pedigrees of two Swedish families with autosomal dominant hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Round symbols denotes women; square symbols, men; filled symbols, individuals affected by AD HED; * individuals subjected to DNA sequencing. The nuclear family chosen for the initial screening of EDAR and the girl shown in figure 2 are indicated by boxes.
Clinical description
Dental abnormalities in a 5-year-old girl from family A. a) Intraoral view. Note that the upper incisors have been restored with composite material to disguise their original conical shape. b) Ortopantomogram showing absence of ten primary and 11 permanent teeth in the jaws of the same individual.
PCR amplification of genomic DNA, DHPLC analysis and mutation detection
Primers used in the analysis of the EDAR gene. Intronic primer sequences, annealing temperatures and sizes of PCR products suitable for DHPLC analysis and DNA sequencing of the EDAR gene.
Exon no. | Forward primer (5'-3') | Reverse primer (5'-3') | Optimal annealing temp.* (°C) | Fragment size (bp) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | TTTGCTGGAAGGCACCTTAT | AGAGGCCAAGAAACAGTCCA | 58–62 | 243 |
3 | ACCCCCTTCCTATGTCAACC | CAGGCTCAGGGCAACAAT | 56–62 | 292 |
4 | CGGCAAGAGTAGCTTCTGGA | GCAGTATCCATGACCCCTGT | 51–63 | 397 |
5 | GTGCTCTCTGCACCAGTCC | GACCGGCTCTTTCCTACACC | 52–63 | 246 |
6 | AGCTCTGTGGCAGCGTCT | CCTCTCCTCTTCTGAGCTTTCA | 51–62 | 228 |
7 + 8 | GGAGTCCTGGAGGGAAGACC | AGCATGTGAGAGCAGAAGCA | 60 | 468 |
9 | AGAGCAGGGTTGGGCTGAG | GCTAGCCTGTCAGTTCACTCG | 51–63 | 248 |
10 | AGGTGCCCAGTAAACACCTG | CGTCTTGCAGGAGAGCTGAT | 51–63 | 400 |
11 | CCTGCTGACATGGAGGATTT | CTCAGTTCCCCTCACAGGAG | 51–63 | 234 |
12 | GACCTTCTATTGACTGTGACTTGC | CAGTCTTTTGGCACCACTCA | 51–63 | 461 |
The Wavemaker™ software (Transgenomic, San Jose, CA, USA) was used to predict the optimal temperature for heteroduplex separation and acetonitrile gradients. Heteroduplexes were resolved from the corresponding homoduplexes using the WAVE system (Transgenomic, San Jose, CA, USA), an automated HPLC with a DNA separation column.
Exon fragments that showed a suspected sequence variation co-segregating with the disease were bi-directionally sequenced using Big Dye termination kit V3.0 (Amersham Biosciences) and the ABI 3730 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystem). The same oligonucleotide primers that were used for PCR amplification were also used in sequencing reactions. Alignments and sequence comparisons were carried out using the BioEdit 5.0.7 software [25].
Results
DHPLC and sequence variance in affected and non-affected individuals. DNA sequence from exon 12 of the EDAR gene in an AD HED patient. An arrow indicates the disease associated C/T mutation in sequence position c.1072.
Discussion
In this report we have studied two presumed unrelated Swedish AD HED families stemming from the same small geographical region, and have identified an identical C to T mutation in exon 12 of the EDAR gene present in patients from both families. The mutation changes an arginine CGA codon into a TGA nonsense codon, thus introducing a truncation of the cytoplasmic portion of the EDAR protein at amino acid position 358. Thereby the p.Arg358X mutation leads to complete abolishment of the death domain region, amino acid 367 to amino acid 431, of the EDAR protein.
Two additional genetic variants were also detected in the PCR fragment that contained exon 12 of the EDAR gene; one polymorphism was a silent change, a T to C, just 15 nucleotides upstream of the p.Arg358X mutation, the other polymorphism, a T to G change, was located in the untranslated region downstream of the native stop codon of the EDAR gene. None of these polymorphisms appear to be associated with the AD HED disease, since the first variant was found both in a few healthy and in affected individuals and the second variant was only detected in two related healthy individuals, a parent and child. The most frequent sequence variant in both polymorphic loci, T, was found in homozygotic form at position c.1056 and position c.1389 in both healthy and affected individuals. Interestingly, the first polymorphism, c.1056 T to C was also detected in a previous study [15], but in that material the C allele was predominant and not the T allele as in our study. Likewise, in the published EDAR sequence [26] the nucleotide at position c.1389 is given as G, whereas in our material the G allele was only present as one copy each in two related individuals and all other individuals were homozygous for the T allele.
No known relationship exists between the two Swedish AD HED families, but since both families carry the same p.Arg358X mutation it is tempting to speculate that there is a previously unidentified relationship, especially when considering that the families originate from the same restricted geographical area.
All individuals affected by AD HED demonstrated absence of permanent teeth, albeit the actual number of missing teeth differed between the patients. Apart from the obligate odontological findings, other ectodermal symptoms were non-specific and, if present, generally mild. This is in contrast to a recently described family with AD HED where the affected individuals appear to have more pronounced symptoms overall [27]. Even though the actual mutation has not been identified in that family the disease gene maps to the same chromosomal region as the EDAR gene and it is very plausible that a mutation in the EDAR gene is the culprit in that AD HED family also.
The variable degree of expression of symptoms in individuals with AD HED is interesting and can probably be explained to some extent by different causative mutations. However, the variability of symptoms in teeth and other organs in individuals carrying the same EDAR mutation is intriguing and invites speculation to the cause. At least three different scenarios can be envisioned, two directly related to the nature of the EDAR mutation and one involving other gene products. The dominant negative action of the p.Arg358X mutation in AD HED could result from prevention of proper trimerization of the TNFR-like EDAR protein due to the lack of an intact death domain. Functional EDAR trimer complexes are required for accurate interactions with EDARADD and subsequent intracellular signaling [16]. Since EDAR trimers in AD HED patients most likely are formed by random combinations of normal and mutant variants of the protein, the proportion of functional EDAR homo-trimers in different individuals during embryogenesis and later developmental stages could vary. This variation could lead to a more or less severe clinical outcome due to chance deviations in the level of proper cell signaling in the ectoderm. An alternative explanation for the dominant-negative effect of the p.Arg358X mutation might be that the mutation leads to an altered subcellular location of the protein as compared to the non-mutated protein in analogy to what has been observed in studies of the orthologous mutated and wild-type Edar protein in mouse cell cultures [28]. A third scenario might be dissimilarities in the interactions between the mutant EDAR protein and different non-pathogenic variants of the ectodysplasin and EDARADD proteins.
HED mutations in the EDAR gene
Inheritance | Genotype | Location | Sequence change* | Protein change | Predicted effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD | heterozygous | exon 12 | c.1072C→T | Arg358Ter | truncated protein, no DD | present study, [15] |
c.1129C→T | Leu377Phe | altered DD | [29] | |||
c.1237A→C | Thr413Pro | [29] | ||||
c.1253T→C | Ile418Thr | ° [29] | ||||
1259G→A | Arg420Gln | [15] [29] | ||||
AR | homozygous | intron 2 | ΔIVS2 -25 to -8 | disturbed splicing of exon 3 | [15] | |
exon 4 | c.259T→C | Cys87Arg | altered LBD | [15] | ||
exon 8 | c.718ΔAAAG | frame shift | truncated protein, no trimers formed | [30] | ||
exon 12 | c.1144G→A | Gly382Ser | altered DD | [30] | ||
exon 12 | c.1208C→T | Thr403Met | altered DD | [29] | ||
exon 12 | c.1302G→T | Trp434Cys | altered DD | [29] | ||
compound heterozygous | intron 2 | IVS2 +1G→A | exon 3 skipping | no stable transcript | [31] | |
exon 12 | c.1124G→A | Arg375His | altered DD | |||
exon 3 | c.140G→A | Cys47Tyr | altered LBD | [29] | ||
intron 6 | IVS6+1G→A | disturbed splicing of exon 6 | ||||
exon 4 | c.266G→A | Arg89His | altered LBD | [15] | ||
at least exon 4 | Δ ≥ exon 4 | ? | no protein? | |||
exon 4 | c.266G→T | Arg89His | altered LBD | [29] | ||
intron 6 | IVS6+1G→A | disturbed splicing of exon 6 | ||||
exon 4 | c.329A→C | Asp110Ala | altered LBD | [29] | ||
exon 5 | c.442T→C | Cys148Arg | altered LBD |
Conclusion
This is the first study corroborating the p.Arg358X mutation in the EDAR gene and it supports the notion that EDAR is one of the key proteins in the development of HED. Thus, our report strengthens the role of this particular mutation in the etiology of autosomal dominant HED and confirms the importance of EDAR in the development of HED.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to the families who kindly agreed to participate in this study. We also thank Jim Silver for technical assistance.
Authors’ Affiliations
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Pre-publication history
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