Biomarkers | TT | AT | AA | β (95% CI) | P | Pa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 162 | 267 | 102 | |||
Anthropometric factors | ||||||
Height (m) | 1.38 ± 0.01 | 1.39 ± 0.01 | 1.40 ± 0.02 | −0.003 (−0.01, 0.00) | 0.148 | 0.594 |
Weight (kg) | 42.3 ± 1.4 | 45.6 ± 1.1 | 50.1 ± 2.2 | 3.31 (1.52, 5.10) | 0.001 | 0.397 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.69 ± 0.48 | 22.89 ± 0.36 | 24.51 ± 0.64 | 1.32 (0.59, 2.05) | 0.001 | -- |
BMI z-score | 1.48 ± 0.16 | 1.86 ± 0.13 | 2.32 ± 0.22 | 0.45 (0.19, 0.71) | 0.001 | -- |
Waist circumference (cm) | 70.58 ± 1.39 | 72.85 ± 0.99 | 77.46 ± 1.71 | 3.35 (0.61, 6.10) | 0.017 | 0.487 |
Clinical and metabolic biomarkers | ||||||
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 104 ± 1 | 104 ± 1 | 107 ± 1 | 1.14 (−0.71, 2.99) | 0.227 | 0.466 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 63 ± 1 | 65 ± 1 | 66 ± 1 | 1.24 (−0.26, 2.74) | 0.106 | 0.888 |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 85 ± 1 | 84 ± 0 | 84 ± 1 | −0.47 (−1.34, 0.39) | 0.286 | 0.143 |
Insulin (mU/l) | 8.82 ± 0.64 | 8.73 ± 0.43 | 9.78 ± 0.71 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.253 | 0.225 |
HOMA-IR | 1.89 ± 0.15 | 1.85 ± 0.10 | 2.07 ± 0.16 | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) | 0.345 | 0.181 |
Triacylglycerols (mg/dl) | 67 ± 3 | 64 ± 2 | 68 ± 4 | 0.07 (−3.90, 4.03) | 0.974 | 0.216 |
ApoAI (mg/dl) | 142 ± 2 | 141 ± 2 | 135 ± 3 | −3.01 (−6.36, 0.34) | 0.079 | 0.457 |
Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 169 ± 3 | 166 ± 2 | 170 ± 2 | 0.002 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.721 | 0.540 |
HDL-c (mg/dl) | 57 ± 1 | 57 ± 1 | 55 ± 1 | −0.94 (−2.76, 0.89) | 0.316 | 0.509 |
Adiponectin (mg/l) | 25.89 ± 0.95 | 25.13 ± 0.74 | 24.16 ± 1.10 | −0.72 (−2.18, 0.73) | 0.331 | 0.934 |
Resistin (μg/l) | 10.33 ± 0.44 | 10.81 ± 0.35 | 11.43 ± 0.55 | 0.55 (−0.15, 1.25) | 0.125 | 0.384 |
Leptin (μg/l) | 13.57 ± 1.23 | 14.37 ± 0.83 | 16.29 ± 1.52 | 1.38 (−0.43, 3.18) | 0.135 | 0.149 |
Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||||
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 2.08 ± 0.29 | 2.21 ± 0.23 | 2.77 ± 0.53 | 0.37 (−0.14, 0.88) | 0.153 | 0.743 |
IL-6 (ng/l) | 5.61 ± 0.90 | 6.00 ± 0.69 | 6.19 ± 1.05 | 0.42 (−0.96, 1.80) | 0.550 | 0.759 |
IL-8 (ng/l) | 1.86 ± 0.16 | 1.95 ± 0.15 | 1.83 ± 0.21 | 0.03 (−0.25, 0.30) | 0.853 | 0.783 |
TNF-α (ng/l) | 3.53 ± 0.16 | 3.66 ± 0.13 | 3.33 ± 0.20 | −0.02 (−0.27, 0.23) | 0.875 | 0.308 |
Cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers | ||||||
MMP-9 (μg/l) | 80.39 ± 4.35 | 83.62 ± 3.70 | 92.82 ± 6.05 | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) | 0.049 | 0.048 |
MPO (μg/l) | 17.56 ± 2.06 | 17.84 ± 1.61 | 17.65 ± 1.88 | 0.29 (−2.80, 3.38) | 0.853 | 0.636 |
sE-Selectin (μg/l) | 26.34 ± 1.14 | 28.22 ± 1.05 | 26.64 ± 1.40 | 0.66 (−1.25, 2.56) | 0.500 | 0.711 |
sICAM-1 (mg/l) | 0.162 ± 0.005 | 0.168 ± 0.004 | 0.158 ± 0.006 | 0.001 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.997 | 0.645 |
Active PAI-1 (μg/l) | 8.35 ± 0.58 | 8.61 ± 0.52 | 10.35 ± 0.97 | 0.85 (−0.19, 1.89) | 0.109 | 0.946 |
Total PAI-1 (μg/l) | 23.22 ± 1.34 | 22.21 ± 0.92 | 26.84 ± 2.09 | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | 0.359 | 0.994 |