Skip to main content
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

The multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene polymorphism G-rs3789243-A is not associated with disease susceptibility in Norwegian patients with colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer; a case control study

Abstract

Background

Smoking, dietary factors, and alcohol consumption are known life style factors contributing to gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Genetic variations in carcinogen handling may affect cancer risk. The multidrug resistance 1(MDR1/ABCB1) gene encodes the transport protein P-glycoprotein (a phase III xenobiotic transporter). P-glycoprotein is present in the intestinal mucosal lining and restricts absorption of certain carcinogens, among these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, P-glycoprotein transports various endogenous substrates such as cytokines and chemokines involved in inflammation, and may thereby affect the risk of malignity. Hence, genetic variations that modify the function of P-glycoprotein may be associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We have previously found an association between the MDR1 intron 3 G-rs3789243-A polymorphism and the risk of CRC in a Danish study population. The aim of this study was to investigate if this MDR1 polymorphism was associated with risk of colorectal adenoma (CA) and CRC in the Norwegian population.

Methods

Using a case-control design, the association between the MDR1 intron 3 G-rs3789243-A polymorphism and the risk of colorectal carcinomas and adenomas in the Norwegian population was assessed in 167 carcinomas, 990 adenomas, and 400 controls. Genotypes were determined by allelic discrimination. Odds ratio (OR) and 95 confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated by binary logistic regression.

Results

No association was found between the MDR1 polymorphism (G-rs3789243-A) and colorectal adenomas or cancer. Carriers of the variant allele of MDR1 intron 3 had odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.97 (0.72–1.29) for developing adenomas, and 0.70 (0.41–1.21) for colorectal cancer, respectively, compared to homozygous wild type carriers.

Conclusion

The MDR1 intron 3 (G-rs3789243-A) polymorphism was not associated with a risk of colorectal adenomas or carcinomas in the present Norwegian study group. Thus, this MDR1 polymorphism does not seem to play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis in this population.

Peer Review reports

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in the Western World, with great impact on the life quality of the affected persons [1]. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis, and gene-environmental interactions may modulate cancer risk. Multiple low-penetrance genes have been shown to confer susceptibility to CRC [2]. Diet components, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking are risk factors for CRC [36]. High-fat and low-fibre diets, red and processed meat consumption, and tobacco are all sources of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [79]. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking induce inflammation and may thereby contribute to carcinogenesis [10].

Genetic factors may influence the individual risk of gastrointestinal cancer when exposed to endogenous or exogenous carcinogens. The multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1/ABCB1) gene codes for P-glycoprotein, a membrane-bound transporter [11, 12]. P-glycoprotein is abundant in the intestine [13, 14] and transports a broad spectrum of substrates to the intestinal lumen [15], thereby constituting a part of the gastrointestinal barrier that protects the lining cells against xenobiotics, including possible carcinogens. One of the most potent animal PAH carcinogens, benzo [a]pyrene, may be a P-glycoprotein substrate [16]. Also various cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta, and chemokines involved in inflammation seem to be P-glycoprotein substrates [17], thus making a potential link between P-glycoprotein function and inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. MDR1 also seems to play a role in early carcinogenesis [18] by preventing apoptosis in tumor cells [17, 19].

Significant MDR1 gene heterogeneity has been demonstrated [20, 21]. The MDR1 C3435T polymorphism has been associated with low in vivo P-glycoprotein intestinal expression and activity in Caucasian subjects [22]. This is in accordance with the demonstration of an association of the variant allele with a lower mRNA stability [23]. This variant allele has been associated with higher risk of various clinical conditions [24], gastrointestinal cancers [25, 26], and possibly colorectal cancer [27], although, generally, numbers of study participants in these studies have been small. However, results from other studies have been inconsistent [2832], indicating that other causal polymorphism(s) may be implicated. Recently, we have demonstrated that carriers of the variant allele of MDR1 intron 3 (G-rs3789243-A) were at 1.54-fold higher risk of colorectal cancer than homozygous wild type carriers (95% CI: 1.13–2.08) in a case-cohort study nested in the prospective Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study (V. Andersen et al, submitted). This variant has previously been found to be associated with the risk of ulcerative colitis by the use of a haplotype tagging approach [33]. So far, the SNP has no known functional effects [33].

We wished to explore the role of the xenobiotic transporter P-glycoprotein, encoded by the MDR1 gene and known to transport dietary carcinogens, in CRC etiology. Nearly all colon cancers begin as benign polyps which slowly develop into cancer. We speculated that the uptake of dietary carcinogens via P-glycoprotein may be involved in this process. Therefore, the role of genetic variation in MDR1 intron 3 (G-rs3789243-A) in relation to the risk of developing colorectal adenomas and carcinomas was assessed in the Norwegian population using a case-control study of 167 carcinomas, 990 adenomas, and 400 controls.

Methods

The KAM (Kolorektal cancer, Arv og Miljø) cohort is based on the screening group of the Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention study (the NORCCAP study) in the county of Telemark and a series of clinical CRC cases operated at Telemark Hospital (Skien) and Ulleval University Hospital (Oslo) [34, 35]. In short, 20.780 healthy men and women, age 50–64 years of age, drawn at random from the population registry in Oslo (urban) and the county of Telemark (mixed urban and rural) were invited to have a flexible sigmoidoscopy screening examination. The KAM cohort is based on an ethnically homogeneous group of Norwegian origin.

The KAM biobank consists of samples from individuals identified with adenomas in the large intestine (1044 accepted; 991 high- and low-risk adenomas (a high-risk adenoma being defined as an adenoma measuring at least 10 mm in diameter and/or with villous components and/or showing severe dysplasia), and 53 hyperplastic polyps), and controls, defined as individuals with normal findings at flexible sigmoidoscopy screening (400 accepted), together with 167 cases identified with colorectal cancer. All of the participants completed a questionnaire on demographics, health status, dietary and smoking habits, alcohol consumption, physical exercise and occupation. The questionnaire contained information on a family history of adenomas and carcinomas, and the included cases and controls had no known personal history of genetic predisposition. In the present study, blood samples were available from 167 cases with carcinomas, 990 cases with adenomas (229 high-risk and 761 low-risk adenomas) and 400 controls. All participants gave verbal and written informed consent.

The study was done in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The Regional Ethics Committee and the Data Inspectorate approved the KAM study. The ID number for the study is NCT00119912 at ClinicalTrials.gov [36].

The distribution of age, gender, smoking, and alcohol consumption among cases and controls are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants with colorectal carcinomas and high- and low-risk adenomas and healthy controls, in total 1557 subjects.

Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples according to standard procedures [37] with minor modifications as already described [38]. All analyses were run blinded to the case-control status. MDR1 G-rs3789243-A [GenBank:rs3789243]genotyping was performed on an Mx3000 machine (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA), using allelic discrimination with TaqMan chemistry, as earlier described [39]. In short, QPCR was done in 25 μl reactions including 20 ng DNA and 900 nM primers and 200 nM probes with locked nucleic acid (LNA) incorporations. QPCR was run for 50 cycles with split annealing and elongation (62°C and 72°C, respectively). Controls were included in each run. Within each of the three genotype groups, 20 randomly selected samples were repeated to confirm reproducibility.

The genotype frequencies were compared using a logistic regression model, measured as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Two separate ORs were calculated; one crude (OR^a) and one adjusted for age and gender (OR^b). In addition we analyzed for carriers of the polymorphism separately. MiniTab Statistical Software, Release 13.1 Xtra (Minitab Inc.) for Windows was used for the statistical calculations Given the allele frequency of 0.5, we had 80% chance of detecting an OR of approximately 1.7 in carcinomas and 1.5 in adenomas at a 5% significance level [40].

Results

Characteristics of the study population and risk factors for CRC are shown in Table 1. Women were more frequent among the controls than among cases. Smoking was more frequent among cases than among controls. Moreover, the CRC cases were older than the controls. The genotype distribution among the controls did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No association was found between the MDR1 polymorphism (G-rs3789243-A) and the risk of colorectal adenomas or cancer (Table 2). Carriers of the variant allele in MDR1 intron 3 had ORs (95% CI) of 0.96 (0.72–1.29) for developing adenomas, and 0.70 (0.41–1.21) for developing colorectal cancer, respectively, compared to homozygous wild type carriers.

Table 2 Odds Ratios for Colorectal Cancers and Colorectal Adenomas including high- and low-risk adenomas for MDR1 G-rs3789243-A

Discussion

We found no associations between the studied MDR1 polymorphism and the risk of colorectal adenomas or carcinomas in the present Norwegian study group. The risk of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas were not different for homozygous or heterozygous carriers of the variant genotype of MDR1 G-rs3789243-A compared with the homozygous wild type carriers. A power calculation showed that we had 80% chance of detecting an OR of approximately 1.7 in carcinomas and 1.5 in adenomas. The statistical power to look into interactions was therefore limited, and interaction studies were therefore not done.

MDR1 genotypes have previously been studied in relation to colorectal cancer susceptibility [27, 41, 42]. In contrast to the present study, variant allele carriers of the MDR1 G-rs3789243-A polymorphism have previously been associated with a risk of colorectal cancer in the Danish population (V. Andersen et al, submitted) and of ulcerative colitis in the Scottish population [33]. In the Danish study, carriers of the variant allele were at 1.54-fold higher risk of CRC compared with wild type carriers (95% CI: 1.13–2.08).

The MDR1 C3435T polymorphism was studied in a Polish study population [27]. They found higher risk of CRC among variant carriers than homozygous wildtype carriers in a subgroup of younger persons. However, as the result was based on a subgroup consisting of about 50 persons the findings need to be replicated in a larger study. Furthermore, no association between this polymorphism and colon cancer was reported in a Korean study population [41].

Several factors may contribute to the differences seen between the studies. First of all, the first report of genetic effects is likely to represent an overestimated odds ratios due to reporting bias [43]. Therefore, the association may be real but not reproduced due to a weak gene effect and limited power to detect such small gene effects in the Norwegian replication study.

Population heterogeneity may also contribute. However, although MDR1 shows a high degree of heterogeneity between different population [20, 21, 44], it may be suggested that the Norwegian, Scottish and Danish population may share some common genetic background as it seems to be the case for CARD15 polymorphisms in European populations [4547], where a low frequency of the CARD15 variants in the Northern countries compared to the rest of Europe has been demonstrated.

Furthermore, differences in carcinogenic exposure may modify the inherent risk associated with genetic susceptibility. For instance, the average monthly intake of alcohol was 11 units, corresponding to 88 g alcohol per month among the controls in the present Norwegian [38] cohort, whereas the mean alcohol intake was 390 g per month among the controls in the Danish cohort [48]. Correspondingly, 47% and 34% of the controls were never smokers in the Norwegian and Danish studies, respectively. However, due to the restricted sample size such differences were not elaborated.

Conclusion

The MDR1 G-rs3789243-A polymorphism was not associated with risk of colorectal adenomas or carcinomas in the present Norwegian study group, indicating that this polymorphism does not play an important role in the colorectal carcinogenesis in the Norwegian population.

Abbreviations

CA:

Colorectal Adenoma

CRC:

Colorectal Cancer

HCA:

heterocyclic amines

MDR1 :

Multidrug Resistance 1

OR:

odds ratio

CI:

confidence interval

PAH:

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

QPCR:

real-time quantitative PCR

SNP:

single nucleotide polymorphism

IRR:

incidence rate ratio.

References

  1. Gross CP, McAvay GJ, Krumholz HM, Paltiel AD, Bhasin D, Tinetti ME: The effect of age and chronic illness on life expectancy after a diagnosis of colorectal cancer: implications for screening. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 145 (9): 646-53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kury S, Buecher B, Robiou-du-Pont S, Scoul C, Colman H, Neel TL, Houérou CL, Faroux R, Ollivry J, Chupin LD, Sébille V, Béziau S: Low-penetrance alleles predisposing to sporadic colorectal cancers: a French case-controlled genetic association study. BMC Cancer. 2008, 8: 326-10.1186/1471-2407-8-326.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Toriola AT, Kurl S, Laukanen JA, Mazengo C, Kauhanen J: Alcohol consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: the Findrink study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2008, 23 (6): 395-401. 10.1007/s10654-008-9244-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Buc E, Kwiatkowski F, Alves A, Panis Y, Mantion G, Slim K: Tobacco smoking: a factor of early onset of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006, 49 (12): 1893-6. 10.1007/s10350-006-0704-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Giovannucci E: An updated review of the epidemiological evidence that cigarette smoking increases risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10 (7): 725-31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Boffetta P, Hashibe M: Alcohol and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2006, 7 (2): 149-56. 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70577-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Giovannucci E: Diet, body weight, and colorectal cancer: a summary of the epidemiologic evidence. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2003, 12 (2): 173-82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Giovannucci E: Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2002, 31 (4): 925-43. 10.1016/S0889-8553(02)00057-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Suzuki H, Morris JS, Li Y, Doll MA, Hein DW, Liu J, et al: Interaction of the cytochrome P4501A2, SULT1A1 and NAT gene polymorphisms with smoking and dietary mutagen intake in modification of the risk of pancreatic cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2008, 29 (6): 1184-91. 10.1093/carcin/bgn085.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Imhof A, Froehlich M, Brenner H, Boeing H, Pepys MB, Koenig W: Effect of alcohol consumption on systemic markers of inflammation. Lancet. 2001, 357 (9258): 763-7. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04170-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mizutani T, Masuda M, Nakai E, Furumiya K, Togawa H, Nakamura Y, et al: Genuine functions of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1). Curr Drug Metab. 2008, 9 (2): 167-74. 10.2174/138920008783571756.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Sarkadi B, Homolya L, Szakacs G, Varadi A: Human multidrug resistance ABCB and ABCG transporters: participation in a chemoimmunity defense system. Physiol Rev. 2006, 86 (4): 1179-236. 10.1152/physrev.00037.2005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hilgendorf C, Ahlin G, Seithel A, Artursson P, Ungell AL, Karlsson J: Expression of thirty-six drug transporter genes in human intestine, liver, kidney, and organotypic cell lines. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007, 35 (8): 1333-40. 10.1124/dmd.107.014902.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Albermann N, Schmitz-Winnenthal FH, Z'graggen K, Volk C, Hoffmann MM, Haefeli WE, et al: Expression of the drug transporters MDR1/ABCB1, MRP1/ABCC1, MRP2/ABCC2, BCRP/ABCG2, and PXR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their relationship with the expression in intestine and liver. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005, 70 (6): 949-58. 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.06.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Schinkel AH: The physiological function of drug-transporting P-glycoproteins. Semin Cancer Biol. 1997, 8 (3): 161-70. 10.1006/scbi.1997.0068.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Vache C, Camares O, De GF, Dastugue B, Meiniel A, Vaury C, et al: Drosophila melanogaster p-glycoprotein: a membrane detoxification system toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2006, 25 (2): 572-80. 10.1897/04-425.1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Johnstone RW, Ruefli AA, Smyth MJ: Multiple physiological functions for multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein?. Trends Biochem Sci. 2000, 25 (1): 1-6. 10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01493-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nakano A, Watanabe N, Nishizaki Y, Takashimizu S, Matsuzaki S: Immunohistochemical studies on the expression of P-glycoprotein and p53 in relation to histological differentiation and cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res. 2003, 25 (2): 158-65. 10.1016/S1386-6346(02)00207-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fantappie O, Solazzo M, Lasagna N, Platini F, Tessitore L, Mazzanti R: P-glycoprotein mediates celecoxib-induced apoptosis in multiple drug-resistant cell lines. Cancer Res. 2007, 67 (10): 4915-23. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3952.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kroetz DL, Pauli-Magnus C, Hodges LM, Huang CC, Kawamoto M, Johns SJ, et al: Sequence diversity and haplotype structure in the human ABCB1 (MDR1, multidrug resistance transporter) gene. Pharmacogenetics. 2003, 13 (8): 481-94. 10.1097/00008571-200308000-00006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Goldstein DB, Hirschhorn JN: In genetic control of disease, does 'race' matter?. Nat Genet. 2004, 36 (12): 1243-4. 10.1038/ng1204-1243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hoffmeyer S, Burk O, von RO, Arnold HP, Brockmoller J, Johne A, et al: Functional polymorphisms of the human multidrug-resistance gene: multiple sequence variations and correlation of one allele with P-glycoprotein expression and activity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97 (7): 3473-8. 10.1073/pnas.050585397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang D, Johnson AD, Papp AC, Kroetz DL, Sadee W: Multidrug resistance polypeptide 1 (MDR1, ABCB1) variant 3435C>T affects mRNA stability. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005, 15 (10): 693-704. 10.1097/01.fpc.0000175600.26893.fa.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Annese V, Valvano MR, Palmieri O, Latiano A, Bossa F, Andriulli A: Multidrug resistance 1 gene in inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2006, 12 (23): 3636-44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Zubor P, Lasabova Z, Hatok J, Stanclova A, Danko J: A polymorphism C3435T of the MDR-1 gene associated with smoking or high body mass index increases the risk of sporadic breast cancer in women. Oncol Rep. 2007, 18 (1): 211-7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Turgut S, Yaren A, Kursunluoglu R, Turgut G: MDR1 C3435T polymorphism in patients with breast cancer. Arch Med Res. 2007, 38 (5): 539-44. 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.02.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kurzawski M, Drozdzik M, Suchy J, Kurzawski G, Bialecka M, Gornik W, et al: Polymorphism in the P-glycoprotein drug transporter MDR1 gene in colon cancer patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005, 61 (5–6): 389-94. 10.1007/s00228-005-0926-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Takane H, Kobayashi D, Hirota T, Kigawa J, Terakawa N, Otsubo K, et al: Haplotype-oriented genetic analysis and functional assessment of promoter variants in the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004, 311 (3): 1179-87. 10.1124/jpet.104.069724.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Larsen UL, Hyldahl OL, Guldborg NC, Eriksen J, Jakobsen P, Ostergaard M, et al: Human intestinal P-glycoprotein activity estimated by the model substrate digoxin. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2007, 67 (2): 123-34. 10.1080/00365510600986084.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Morita N, Yasumori T, Nakayama K: Human MDR1 polymorphism: G2677T/A and C3435T have no effect on MDR1 transport activities. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003, 65 (11): 1843-52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Moriya Y, Nakamura T, Horinouchi M, Sakaeda T, Tamura T, Aoyama N, et al: Effects of polymorphisms of MDR1, MRP1, and MRP2 genes on their mRNA expression levels in duodenal enterocytes of healthy Japanese subjects. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002, 25 (10): 1356-9. 10.1248/bpb.25.1356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Soranzo N, Cavalleri GL, Weale ME, Wood NW, Depondt C, Marguerie R, et al: Identifying candidate causal variants responsible for altered activity of the ABCB1 multidrug resistance gene. Genome Res. 2004, 14 (7): 1333-44. 10.1101/gr.1965304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Ho GT, Soranzo N, Nimmo ER, Tenesa A, Goldstein DB, Satsangi J: ABCB1/MDR1 gene determines susceptibility and phenotype in ulcerative colitis: discrimination of critical variants using a gene-wide haplotype tagging approach. Hum Mol Genet. 2006, 15 (5): 797-805. 10.1093/hmg/ddi494.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gondal G, Grotmol T, Hofstad B, Bretthauer M, Eide TJ, Hoff G: Lifestyle-related risk factors and chemoprevention for colorectal neoplasia: experience from the large-scale NORCCAP screening trial. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2005, 14 (4): 373-9. 10.1097/00008469-200508000-00010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Skjelbred CF, Saebo M, Hjartaker A, Grotmol T, Hansteen IL, Tveit KM, et al: Meat, vegetables and genetic polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal carcinomas and adenomas. BMC Cancer. 2007, 7: 228-10.1186/1471-2407-7-228.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. ClinicalTrials.gov. 2008. NORCCAP: Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention Trial NCT00119912. [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT00119912]

  37. Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF: A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988, 16 (3): 1215-10.1093/nar/16.3.1215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Skjelbred CF, Saebo M, Wallin H, Nexo BA, Hagen PC, Lothe IM, et al: Polymorphisms of the XRCC1, XRCC3 and XPD genes and risk of colorectal adenoma and carcinoma, in a Norwegian cohort: a case control study. BMC Cancer. 2006, 6: 67-10.1186/1471-2407-6-67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Ostergaard M, Ernst A, Labouriau R, Dagiliene E, Krarup HB, Christensen M, Thorsgaard N, Jacobsen BA, Tage-Jensen U, Overvad K, Autrup H, Andersen V: Cyclooxygenase-2, multidrug resistance 1, and breast cancer resistance protein gene polymorphisms and inflammatory bowel disease in the Danish population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009, 44 (1): 65-73. 10.1080/00365520802400826.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Power/Sample Size Calculation for Logistic Regression with Binary Covariate(s). [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~eugened/power-samplesize.php]

  41. Bae SY, Choi SK, Kim KR, Park CS, Lee SK, Roh HK, et al: Effects of genetic polymorphisms of MDR1, FMO3 and CYP1A2 on susceptibility to colorectal cancer in Koreans. Cancer Sci. 2006, 97 (8): 774-9. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00241.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Osswald E, Johne A, Laschinski G, rjomand-Nahad F, Malzahn U, Kirchheiner J, et al: Association of MDR1 genotypes with susceptibility to colorectal cancer in older non-smokers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007, 63 (1): 9-16. 10.1007/s00228-006-0225-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hirschhorn JN, Lohmueller K, Byrne E, Hirschhorn K: A comprehensive review of genetic association studies. Genet Med. 2002, 4 (2): 45-61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Serre D, Paabo S: Evidence for gradients of human genetic diversity within and among continents. Genome Res. 2004, 14 (9): 1679-85. 10.1101/gr.2529604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Ernst A, Jacobsen B, Ostergaard M, Okkels H, Andersen V, Dagiliene E, et al: Mutations in CARD15 and smoking confer susceptibility to Crohn's disease in the Danish population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007, 42 (12): 1445-1451. 10.1080/00365520701427102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Russell RK, Drummond HE, Wilson DC, Anderson NH, Arnott ID, Van Limbergen JE, et al: Detailed assessment of NOD2/CARD15 exonic variation in inflammatory bowel disease in Scotland: implications for disease pathogenesis. Genes Immun. 2008, 9 (6): 556-60. 10.1038/gene.2008.44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Medici V, Mascheretti S, Croucher PJ, Stoll M, Hampe J, Grebe J, et al: Extreme heterogeneity in CARD15 and DLG5 Crohn disease-associated polymorphisms between German and Norwegian populations. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006, 14 (4): 459-68. 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201576.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hansen RD, Sorensen M, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Wallin H, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Vogel U: A haplotype of polymorphisms in ASE-1, RAI and ERCC1 and the effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on risk of colorectal cancer: a Danish prospective case-cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2008, 8: 54-10.1186/1471-2407-8-54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgements

The KAM study was supported by the Norwegian Cancer Society, Telemark University College the Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention (NORCCAP) study (Grants from the Norwegian Cancer Society and the Department of Health and Social Affairs), with the aid of EXTRA funds from the Norwegian Foundation for Health and Rehabilitation and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority.

We thank the staff at the Library, Viborg Regional Hospital, for help with and teaching in scientific search. This work was supported by "Familien Erichsens Mindefond", The Lundbeck Foundation, "Læge Agnethe Løvgreens Legat", "Johs. M Klein og Hustrus Mindelegat" and the "Rosa and Asta Jensens Fond". The funding has not influenced the study design; the collection, analysis, interpretation of data; the writing of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vibeke Andersen.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

LA, DJ, MØ carried out the genotyping. VA and LA drafted the manuscript. EK established the KAM study. EK, MS and JH participated in sample preparation and collection, MS performed the statistical analyses and JH administered the KAM database. VA and UV conceived the genotyping study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Andersen, V., Agerstjerne, L., Jensen, D. et al. The multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene polymorphism G-rs3789243-A is not associated with disease susceptibility in Norwegian patients with colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer; a case control study. BMC Med Genet 10, 18 (2009). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/1471-2350-10-18

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/1471-2350-10-18

Keywords